Although the Clinger-Cohen act was passed in 1996 that mandated a capital planning and investment control process, PPM as it's found in the private sector is only just making its way to the federal government. As a recent memorandum from the Executive Office of the President notes, ‘the stove-piped and complex nature of the Federal enterprise has led over the years to a proliferation of duplicative and low priority investments in information technology (IT).'